Basalt is a dark, fine-grained volcanic rock that ranks as the most widespread rock type on the surface of the Earth, especially in the formation of the expansive ocean basins. This rock originates from the swift cooling of lava flows and contains high levels of iron and magnesium, which impart its distinctive dark coloration. The texture of basalt can differ significantly; it may appear solid and dense or feature numerous small cavities, known as vesicles, that are created by escaping gases. The abundant presence of basalt highlights the planet’s volcanic processes and significantly contributes to the geological features of Earth, ranging from the majestic shield volcanoes in Hawaii to the extensive flood basalt plateaus found in various regions worldwide.